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--- linux-survival [2023/03/27 14:08] – ayan
+++ linux-survival [2024/01/16 15:00] (current) – [Linux basics] jonas
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Linux was initially created as a hobby project by the Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds in 1991. The name Linux is a portmanteau of his first name and Unix, the OS from which Linux is derived (in fact, Linux is a version of Unix). **Very important note:** Linux is pronounced as in Finnish Swedish (Linus Torvalds being part of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland), with a long i as in "bee" and long u as in "book": lee-nooks, not line-axe: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg
-Unlike Windows or MacOS, there are many varieties of Linux, so-called distributions, which all share the same fundamental architecture and "kernel" (the program that actually runs the OS), but differ in their look and feel, the software included, and ease of use. The reason Linux is so widely used is in part due to the ease of modifying Linux to create a distribution suitable for a particular application (e.g., small and lightweight for low-power computing devices, fast and working in real time for time critical applications such as rocket launches, or with lots of bells and whistles to make them user friendly for desktop use). The most common distributions, such as Ubuntu and Debian, are geared towards user-friendliness and will look fairly familiar to users of Windows and Macs used to a "point-and-click" interface, while the more specialised ones often make do without any graphical user interface at all, instead using a terminal window only (more on that below).
+Unlike Windows or MacOS, there are many varieties of Linux, so-called distributions, which all share the same fundamental architecture and "kernel" (the program that actually runs the OS), but differ in their look and feel, the software included, and ease of use. The reason Linux is so widely used is in part due to the ease of modifying Linux to create a distribution suitable for a particular application (e.g., small and lightweight for low-power computing devices, fast and working in real time for time critical applications such as rocket launches or [[https://github.com/readme/featured/nasa-ingenuity-helicopter|flying helicopters on Mars]], or with lots of bells and whistles to make them user friendly for desktop use). The most common distributions, such as Ubuntu and Debian, are geared towards user-friendliness and will look fairly familiar to users of Windows and Macs used to a "point-and-click" interface, while the more specialised ones often make do without any graphical user interface at all, instead using a terminal window only (more on that below).
 ===== Logging in to a remote Linux server =====
-  *SSH
+  ***//SSH//**
 SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a command-line protocol which provides strong password authentication and public key authentication, as well as encrypted data communications between two computers connecting over an open network, such as the internet. To be able to connect to the server //psycomp.rhul.ac.uk// over SSH, open the command-line terminal and use the following command:
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
-  *RDP
+  ***//RDP//**
 RDP stands for Remote Desktop Protocol. The //psycomp.rhul.ac.uk// can be accessed for GUI (Graphical User Interface) tools on the cluster. This node is provided with high-performance graphics drivers for this. This //psycomp.rhul.ac.uk// can be accessed directly while operating from a local PC on campus and for off-campus access is granted only through VPN (details of VPN access is provided [[https://intranet.royalholloway.ac.uk/students/help-support/it-services/access-off-campus/vpn/vpn.aspx|here]]). After connecting to the VPN use the Remote Desktop Connection software (Windows RDP / Ubuntu Remmina) and connect to the //psycomp// Server( server address: //psycomp.rhul.ac.uk// ). Use the [user_ID] and password and domain as cc to log on to the server.
-  *VNCViewer
+  ***//VNCViewer//**
-Open the VNCViewer app and enter psyclogin.rhul.ac.uk:[VNC_session_number] in the VNC server dropdown box. The [VNC_session_number] is an unique session code that you should have received from the IT team (If you haven't been provided one, please email the psychology IT Team here). After clicking Connect enter your VNC password and log-on to the cluster.
+Open the VNCViewer app and enter //psycomp.rhul.ac.uk//:[VNC_session_number] in the VNC server dropdown box. The [VNC_session_number] is an unique session code that you should have received from the IT team (If you haven't been provided one, please email the psychology IT Team [[Can.Keles@rhul.ac.uk]]). After clicking Connect enter your VNC password and log-on to the cluster.
 ===== The Linux desktop =====
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ===== The Linux terminal =====
-**//The shell: //**bash, sh, csh
-**//Command-line completion//**
+  ***//The shell//**
-  *Writing a shell script
+The shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. Earlier it was the only user interface available on a Unix-like system such as Linux. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell.
-  *Navigating the file system
+On most Linux systems a program called **bash** (which stands for Bourne Again SHell, an enhanced version of the original Unix shell program, **sh**, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell program. Besides bash, there are other shell programs available for Linux systems. These include: ksh, tcsh and zsh.
-===== The Linux file system =====
+On the psycomp server, we will use **bash** commands.
-**// The home directory:  //**/home/myusername
-**// The root directory: //**/
+  ***//Terminal Emulator//**
+In order to run **bash** commands, a particular tool called //Terminal Emulator// is used. On a Linux and Mac-OS systems a widely used Terminal Emulator program is called **Terminal**. Psycomp server also has **Terminal** program that can be accessed under the Applications tab.
-**//System directories: //**/usr, /bin, /etc, /lib, /media
-**//Mounting external file systems//**
+  ***//Command-line completion//**
+    *Writing a shell script
+    *Navigating the file system
-**//File permissions //**
-**// Recursive commands //**
 ===== Essential commands =====
 **//Finding where you are //** pwd
+After logging in the psycomp server either through the command line interface or through GUI, it will be important to know which location you areon the computer.
 **//List files://** ls
@@ Line 88: / Line 94: @@
 **// Getting help: //** man
+===== The Linux file system =====
+**// The home directory:  //**/home/myusername
+**// The root directory: //**/
+**//System directories: //**/usr, /bin, /etc, /lib, /media
+**//Mounting external file systems//**
+**//File permissions //**
+**// Recursive commands //**