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--- linux-survival [2023/03/27 15:29] – [The Linux terminal] ayan
+++ linux-survival [2024/01/16 15:00] (current) – [Linux basics] jonas
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Linux was initially created as a hobby project by the Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds in 1991. The name Linux is a portmanteau of his first name and Unix, the OS from which Linux is derived (in fact, Linux is a version of Unix). **Very important note:** Linux is pronounced as in Finnish Swedish (Linus Torvalds being part of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland), with a long i as in "bee" and long u as in "book": lee-nooks, not line-axe: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg
-Unlike Windows or MacOS, there are many varieties of Linux, so-called distributions, which all share the same fundamental architecture and "kernel" (the program that actually runs the OS), but differ in their look and feel, the software included, and ease of use. The reason Linux is so widely used is in part due to the ease of modifying Linux to create a distribution suitable for a particular application (e.g., small and lightweight for low-power computing devices, fast and working in real time for time critical applications such as rocket launches, or with lots of bells and whistles to make them user friendly for desktop use). The most common distributions, such as Ubuntu and Debian, are geared towards user-friendliness and will look fairly familiar to users of Windows and Macs used to a "point-and-click" interface, while the more specialised ones often make do without any graphical user interface at all, instead using a terminal window only (more on that below).
+Unlike Windows or MacOS, there are many varieties of Linux, so-called distributions, which all share the same fundamental architecture and "kernel" (the program that actually runs the OS), but differ in their look and feel, the software included, and ease of use. The reason Linux is so widely used is in part due to the ease of modifying Linux to create a distribution suitable for a particular application (e.g., small and lightweight for low-power computing devices, fast and working in real time for time critical applications such as rocket launches or [[https://github.com/readme/featured/nasa-ingenuity-helicopter|flying helicopters on Mars]], or with lots of bells and whistles to make them user friendly for desktop use). The most common distributions, such as Ubuntu and Debian, are geared towards user-friendliness and will look fairly familiar to users of Windows and Macs used to a "point-and-click" interface, while the more specialised ones often make do without any graphical user interface at all, instead using a terminal window only (more on that below).
 ===== Logging in to a remote Linux server =====
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
-  ***//The shell//**:
+  ***//The shell//**
-The shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a Unix-like system such as Linux. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell.
+The shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. Earlier it was the only user interface available on a Unix-like system such as Linux. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell.
-On most Linux systems a program called bash (which stands for Bourne Again SHell, an enhanced version of the original Unix shell program, sh, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell program. Besides bash, there are other shell programs available for Linux systems. These include: ksh, tcsh and zsh.
+On most Linux systems a program called **bash** (which stands for Bourne Again SHell, an enhanced version of the original Unix shell program, **sh**, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell program. Besides bash, there are other shell programs available for Linux systems. These include: ksh, tcsh and zsh.
-bash, sh, csh
+On the psycomp server, we will use **bash** commands.
+  ***//Terminal Emulator//**
+In order to run **bash** commands, a particular tool called //Terminal Emulator// is used. On a Linux and Mac-OS systems a widely used Terminal Emulator program is called **Terminal**. Psycomp server also has **Terminal** program that can be accessed under the Applications tab.
-**//Command-line completion//**
-  *Writing a shell script
+  ***//Command-line completion//**
-  *Navigating the file system
+    *Writing a shell script
+    *Navigating the file system
-===== The Linux file system =====
-**// The home directory:  //**/home/myusername
-**// The root directory: //**/
+===== Essential commands =====
-**//System directories: //**/usr, /bin, /etc, /lib, /media
+**//Finding where you are //** pwd
+After logging in the psycomp server either through the command line interface or through GUI, it will be important to know which location you areon the computer.
-**//Mounting external file systems//**
-**//File permissions //**
-**// Recursive commands //**
-===== Essential commands =====
-**//Finding where you are //** pwd
 **//List files://** ls
@@ Line 97: / Line 94: @@
 **// Getting help: //** man
+===== The Linux file system =====
+**// The home directory:  //**/home/myusername
+**// The root directory: //**/
+**//System directories: //**/usr, /bin, /etc, /lib, /media
+**//Mounting external file systems//**
+**//File permissions //**
+**// Recursive commands //**